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# Somaliland Economic

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- [Qodobka 41 ee Maqaallada Mas’uuliyadda Dawladaha](https://somalilandeconomic.com/qodobka-41-ee-maqaallada-masuuliyadda-dawladaha/) - Sida Qodobka 41 ee Maqaallada Mas’uuliyadda Dawladaha U Khuseeyo Arrinta Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland Qodobka 41 ee Maqaallada Mas’uuliyadda Dawladaha (ARSIWA) wuxuu dhigayaa waajibaad sharci ah oo saaran dhammaan dowladaha—xitaa haddii aysan si toos ah u lug lahayn—marka uu jiro “jabin culus” oo ka dhan ah qawaaniinta aas-aasiga ah ee caalamiga ah. Qawaaniintan waxaa ka mid ah
- [Somaliland to officially use State Responsibility](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-to-officially-use-state-responsibility/) - This letter highlights the crucial need for Somaliland to officially use State Responsibility Articles in international affairs about its status and rights. Invoking State Responsibility under the Articles has real legal weight for Somaliland’s pursuit of justice and recognition, not just symbolic value. 1. Putting an end to the possibility of claiming ignorance. •Somaliland makes
- [How States and the UN have Violated International Law Concerning Somaliland](https://somalilandeconomic.com/how-states-and-the-un-have-violated-international-law-concerning-somaliland/) - I am writing to the international community to urgently highlight the ongoing breaches of international law, committed by specific states and the UN, in relation to the Republic of Somaliland’s rights and status. These transgressions erode the foundations of sovereignty, self-determination, and legal standards, affecting Somaliland’s inhabitants. Background: Somaliland’s Legal Status •Somaliland’s Independence: The State
- [Somalia attack Somaliland 26th June 2025](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somalia-attack-somaliland-26th-june-2025/) - Somalia attack Somaliland 26th June 2025, Independence Day of State of Somaliland Report of the Somaliland Protectorate Constitutional Conference, held in London in May 1960: Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for the Colonies by Command of Her Majesty May 1960 From February to June 2025, the Somali federal government and its diaspora
- [Counter- Analysis Against Mohamed Abdillahi Omar Statement Minister of Foreign Affairs](https://somalilandeconomic.com/counter-analysis-of-mohamed-abdillahi-omar-statement-minister-of-foreign-affairs/) - Counter- Analysis of Mohamed Abdillahi Omar Statement Minister of Foreign Affairs This assumption is being made by Mohamed Omar: Dear participants, I would first like to express my gratitude to the Social Research and Development Institute (SORADI) for bringing together prominent members of Somaliland society, including its development practitioners, government officials and researchers, as well
- [The illegal union of Somaliland and Somalia consequence](https://somalilandeconomic.com/the-illegal-union-of-somaliland-and-somalia-consequence/) - The Somaliland withdrawal of the union of 1960s and State Recognition Assented to by the Council of Ministers Mogadiscio, 5th July 1960 Mohamed Ibrahim EgalAhmed Haji DualehAli Garad JamaHaji Ibrahim Nur THE UNION OF SOMALILAND AND SOMALIA LAWPreamble:WHEREAS the State of Somaliland achieved independence and ceased to be under British protection or within the jurisdiction
- [What Are JSL Politicians Saying About Somalia Talks?](https://somalilandeconomic.com/what-are-jsl-politicians-saying-about-somalia-talks/) - What Are JSL Politicians Saying About Somalia Talks? SUMMARY OF CONFERENCE PRESENTATIONS 28th October, 2012 I question whether POLITICIANS Somalilanders harbored similar political feelings during the ILLEGAL union with Somalia in the sixties. Is history repeating itself: 2012 and 1960s? JSL Politicians are attempting to persuade their citizens regarding talks with Somalia. Representatives from civil
- [Somaliland Legal Aspects in the New Engagement Policy with Somalia](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-legal-aspects-in-the-new-engagement-policy-with-somalia/) - Legal Aspects of Somaliland Case in the New Engagement Policy with Somalia Abstract This monograph examines the multidimensional nature of Somaliland’s quest for recognition and attempts to unveil the isolated state of affairs that Somaliland remained since 1991. The study will examine the legal aspects of the Somaliland case in general and in the new
- [Political Settlement in Somaliland](https://somalilandeconomic.com/political-settlement-in-somaliland/) - When less was more: external assistance and the political settlement in Somaliland Diverging dramatically from the path taken by the Federal Republic of Somalia over the past two decades, the case of the unrecognized ‘Republic of Somaliland’ provides a powerful natural experiment for exploring political violence and institution-building within the contemporary global context. Having emerged
- [Water Sector of rural Somaliland](https://somalilandeconomic.com/uscipit-ligula-id-ultrices-ndrerit-risus-nec-sem/) - 1.1 Problem Identification Somaliland is semi-arid. With annual rainfalls less than 250 mm, water has a high priority1. There are no permanent surface water resources and Somaliland is therefore almost entirely dependent on rainwater, with the exception of a few deep wells. Rainfall distribution is bi-modal. It falls mostly in the Gu (mid-April to June)
- [Somaliland Overcoming Diplomatic Isolation](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-overcoming-diplomatic-isolation/) - Overcoming Diplomatic Isolation: Forging a New Somaliland Approach Introduction Usually, when the international relations of Somaliland are studied, the focus does not extend beyond narrative diplomatic history and the careers of individual Somaliland statesmen. Indeed, ‘Somaliland diplomacy’, to many scholars, means no more than Somaliland foreign policy. However, though the state had a foreign policy
- [Somaliland Oil Economy](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-oil-economy/) - Somaliland: An Early Warning to Manage the Politics of “Oil Economy” and Opportunities to learn from the Available Wealth of Global Experience. Background After independence, the Somaliland people did not inherit any significant development infrastructure or any other economic sectors from the colonial rule. The colonial authorities found them as nomads and left them still
- [Somaliland’s Struggle for Statehood](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somalilands-struggle-for-statehood/) - A Shadow on Tomorrow’s Dreams: Somaliland’s Struggle for Statehood PREFACE “Don’t let today’s disappointments cast a shadow on tomorrow’s dreams” EXECUTIVE SUMMARY For the past quarter of a century, Somaliland, formerly a British protectorate and later united with Italian Somalia in the Somali Republic, has governed itself as an independent State. Yet, it is not
- [Somaliland Walking on Thin Ice](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-walking-on-thin-ice/) - Somaliland Walking on Thin Ice Abstract: False narrative premise by some international academicians: “Somaliland can in no way claim that the 1960 merger with Somalia was a shotgun wedding – by all accounts unification was wildly popular. Somaliland could argue, however, that they asked for an annulment of the union prior to the honeymoon and
- [Reflections of Somaliland Statehood](https://somalilandeconomic.com/reflections-of-somaliland-statehood/) - Reflections of Somaliland Statehood The author Dimitrios Lalos used a false premise start of its law paper: This Note recognizes that under international law, Somaliland is subject to the rule of law of the parent state, a rule firmly established by the Supreme Court of Canada in Reference re Secession of Quebec. The Supreme Court
- [The Somalia-Somaliland Talks & the British Co-Opted Roadmap](https://somalilandeconomic.com/the-somalia-somaliland-talks-the-british-co-opted-roadmap/) - The Good, The Bad & The Ugly The Somalia-Somaliland Talks & the British Co-Opted Roadmap When I was a teenager I saw a movie with the above title with which I fell in love. I later learned that it was from a genre that was disparagingly termed “Spaghetti Western” in Hollywood since they were made
- [Counter-analysis of the paper of Ismael Laddaf](https://somalilandeconomic.com/counter-analysis-of-the-paper-of-ismael-laddaf/) - Counter-analysis of the paper of Ismael Laddaf “The Somali Talks and the Somaliland Case” 1. Introduction: Author narration Somaliland has an area of 137,600 km and a population estimated to be three-and -half million. The territory known as the British Protectorate of Somaliland was under the rule of Great Britain from 1884 to 26 June,
- [Beyond Polarity: Negotiating a Hybrid State in Somaliland](https://somalilandeconomic.com/beyond-polarity-negotiating-a-hybrid-state-in-somaliland/) - Beyond Polarity: Negotiating a Hybrid State in Somaliland Abstract: Many African states struggle to reconcile traditional social institu- tions with the precepts of nation-state democracy within colonially defined borders. Since the 1991 fall of the dictatorial Somali regime of Siyaad Barre, Somaliland has gradually pieced together what appear to be a durable peace and an
- [JSL EDUCATION AND HIGHER STUDIES](https://somalilandeconomic.com/nulla-tristique-lacinia-egestas-sapien-a-faucibu/) - LThe Somaliland Education Sector Strategic Plan (2017-20121) is a detailed planning document that provides a comprehensive outlook of the roadmap that the Somaliland Education Sector will take over the next five years. The ESSP borrows heavily from an evidence-based Education Sector Analysis (ESA) 2012-2016, looking back at the goals and strategies set in the Education
- [SOMALILAND ENERGY](https://somalilandeconomic.com/yigula-sapien-tincidunt-non-euismod-vitae/) - SOMALILAND ENERGY INTRODUCTION The need for an energy policy Energy plays a very vital role in the livelihood of people. It has a role to play in all sectors. In most developing countries, 30% of household income is spent on energy services. Without energy, we cannot work in agriculture. It affects our environment. At household
- [Hargeisa Water Agency](https://somalilandeconomic.com/hargeisa-water-agency/) - Improved sustainable access to safe drinking water for residents of Hargeisa capital city. Hargeisa has grown from a population of less than 180,000 people in the 1970s when the water scheme was built, to approximately 1,200,000 people today, resulting in an increase in the demand for clean water. Therefore, the SDF is supporting
- [Somaliland Telesom ZAAD](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-telesom-zaad/) - Innovative Inclusion:How Telesom ZAAD Brought Mobile Money to Somaliland IntroductionIn June 2009, Somaliland’s leading mobile network operator (MNO) Telesom launched Telesom ZAAD, the country’s first mobile money service. Since then, the service has gained significant traction: in June 2012, al- most 40% of Telesom GSM subscribers were active users of Telesom ZAAD. What is most
- [Hargeisa Egal International Airport](https://somalilandeconomic.com/convallis-velit-id-porta-turpis-velit-molestie/) - Enter and exit: everyday state practices at Somaliland’s Hargeisa Egal International Airport. INTRODUCTIONI woke with a grunt when the wheels touched the runway. ‘So this is Somaliland and this is the airport that I will be studying the next couple of months’, I thought as I looked out of the window of the aircraft I
- [Somaliland on Small and Medium Enterprises](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-on-small-and-medium-enterprises/) - The Impact of Innovation on Small and Medium Enterprises Performance: Empirical Evidence from Hargeisa, Somaliland Introduction The fact that Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) constitute around 99.7 percent of the enterprises globally (Martin and Namusonge, 2014) proves their significance in contributing to the economic and industrial development in most countries. It is, therefore, necessary
- [Somaliland: Post-War Nation-Building and International Relations, 1991-2006](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-post-war-nation-building-and-international-relations-1991-2006/) - Somaliland: Post-War Nation-Building and International Relations, 1991-2006 AbstractThis thesis is intended to explore the international relations of emerging nation-building in the Somali coast, with particular reference to the un-recognised Republic of Somaliland in the north-western Horn of Africa region. This study focuses on the international relations of Somaliland’s international quest for recognition, linked to its
- [Somaliland: Where There Has Been Conflict but No Intervention](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-where-there-has-been-conflict-but-no-intervention/) - Somaliland: Where There Has Been Conflict but No Intervention Visiting Colombia in June, 2014, as part of the Africa-Colombia Dialogue of the BrenthurstFoundation, was an opportunity to reflect on the power of misconceptions. Even amongconflict veterans, which the people of Somaliland have become, the prospect of a journey to Colombia provoked concern about safety and
- [Somaliland Political Settlements and State Formation](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-political-settlements-and-state-formation/) - Political Settlements and State Formation: The Case of Somaliland Executive Summary Why did the civil wars in Somaliland end while Somalia’s continued? This paper asks why large- scale violence was resolved in the internationally unrecognised ‘Republic of Somaliland’ but not in the rest of Somalia. The case of Somaliland offers insights into why some domestic
- [Somaliland Self-Led State Formation and International Non-Intervention](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-self-led-state-formation-and-international-non-intervention/) - “Thanks, But No Thanks”: Self-Led State Formation and International ‘Non- Intervention’ in the Creation of Somaliland In 1991 Somaliland, a former British Somaliland, reclaim its independence of 1960s illegal union from the troubled Somalia and, after rejecting international assistance, embarked on a project of creating a state on its own. For all pretences, Somaliland is
- [Somaliland Understanding the Past, the Present and the Future](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-understanding-the-past-the-present-and-the-future/) - Tracing the Lost Treasury: Understanding the Past, the Present and the Future ABSTRACT – This study primarily attempts to shed light on the historical and legal backgrounds of Somaliland as a British Protectorate, the current Somaliland–Somalia negotiations, and what to be done to make the dialogue successful. And secondarily it emphasizes the responsibilities not only
- [Somaliland’s Sovereignty – Why Professor Woodward is Wrong to Advise Caution](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somalilands-sovereignty-why-professor-woodward-is-wrong-to-advise-caution/) - Somaliland’s Sovereignty – Why Professor Woodward is Wrong to Advise Caution There was an article which appeared in the Australian journal “THE CONVERSATION” on 9th September 2016 titled “Somaliland wants to secede – here’s why caution is necessary” penned by Peter Robert Woodward, Emeritus Professor of Politics and International Relations, University of Reading. Both the Professor’s
- [Nationalism, Consent & the State in Somalia](https://somalilandeconomic.com/nationalism-consent-the-state-in-somalia/) - Nationalism, Consent & the State in Somalia Introduction Since the collapse of the Siyad Barre military dictatorship in January 1991, the southern part of the erstwhile Somali Republic (i.e. the ex-Italian Somalia) has become the living definition of a ‘failed state’ with the exception of the north-eastern part of the territory which has forged a
- [Examining the Somaliland Quest for Recognition](https://somalilandeconomic.com/examining-the-somaliland-quest-for-recognition/) - Searching for an Identity: Examining the Somaliland Quest for Recognition ABSTRACT – The breakup of the Soviet Union and the emergence of many new states represent as one of the major political developments in post-Cold War era. Subsequently, the emergence of the new world order has changed both the character and the practice of the
- [Somaliland’s case of successful power sharing](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somalilands-case-of-successful-power-sharing/) - Somaliland’s case of successful power sharing: an Islamic-traditionalist pact and lessons learned Hadduu oday jiro, uu u ood rogo, abaaroodkana way orgootaa "If an elder looks after it [the herd] and caters for its needs, it could show heat even during the dry season … (Somali proverb)" Introduction Given the protracted predicament of state collapse
- [Somaliland’s Case is Historically, Politically, and legally Justifiable](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somalilands-case-is-historically-politically-and-legally-justifiable/) - Somaliland’s Case is Historically, Politically, and legally Justifiable 1. Abstract On May 18 1991, the ex-British Somaliland Clan Representatives and Somali National Movement (SNM) leadership had collectively and enthusiastically proclaimed that Somaliland British protectorate restored its independence and political sovereignty. This dissolution of 1960 merger was nonviolent, accurate, applicable and timely. Therefore, this paper is
- [Somaliland Impact of Civil War on Natural Resources](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-impact-of-civil-war-on-natural-resources/) - Somaliland Impact of Civil War on Natural Resources 2. INTRODUCTION The geographic coverage of this study is Somaliland. Somaliland was formerly known as the Somaliland Protectorate under the British rule from 1884 until June, 26th 1960 when Somaliland got its independence from Britain. This independence was short-lived as the new republic merged few days later
- [Somaliland State building based on hybrid political orders](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-state-building-based-on-hybrid-political-orders/) - State building based on hybrid political orders: in the case of Somaliland Research Question: How was the hybrid political order in Somaliland formed? Introduction The researchers like Volker Boege, Anne Brown, Kevin Clements and others have recently developed the concept of hybrid political orders. What does Hybrid Political Orders mean? In order to answer this
- [Integrated Peace Building in Somaliland](https://somalilandeconomic.com/integrated-peace-building-in-somaliland/) - Integrated Peace Building in Somaliland 1. Introduction. Somaliland is a quasi-­state that wants to separate from the main Somalia. As part of Somalia, Somaliland has experienced several decades of the dictatorship of Sayed Barre as well as the war that overthrew Barre in 1991. Somalia has been into decades of civil war which has costed
- [Hostages of peace: the politics of radio liberalization in Somaliland](https://somalilandeconomic.com/hostages-of-peace-the-politics-of-radio-liberalization-in-somaliland/) - Hostages of peace: the politics of radio liberalization in Somaliland Somaliland has held several competitive and multiparty elections that have been cited by international election monitors as being ‘‘free and fair.’’ While political competition has been tolerated, or even encouraged by the governments in power, there has been a continued reluctance to allow private radio
- [Somaliland Security at the Crossroads: Pitfalls and Potentials](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-security-at-the-crossroads-pitfalls-and-potentials/) - Somaliland Security at the Crossroads: Pitfalls and Potentials Abstract This study examines the peace and stability of Somaliland and how a once the improving security has declined due to the contribution of various factors such as the dramatic decline of the cooperation on security and other related matters with bilateral partners not only in the
- [Deliberative Peacebuilding in Somaliland from 1991 to 2005](https://somalilandeconomic.com/deliberative-peacebuilding-in-somaliland-from-1991-to-2005/) - Deliberative Peacebuilding in Somaliland from 1991 to 2005 Abstract Given the legitimation problem with vertical (state vs. society) and horizontal (modernity vs. tradition) inequalities/differences as historical and cultural causes of conflict, peacebuilding in the post-colonial, post-conflict context requires deliberation to engage in the legitimation problem. Although deliberation has gained academic attention as a means of
- [The Somaliland Exception](https://somalilandeconomic.com/the-somaliland-exception/) - The Somaliland Exception In the more than two decades since the collapse of the last entity that could be reasonably described as the central government of Somalia, the Texas-sized territory has become the byword for state failure, stubbornly resisting no less than 14 attempts to reconstitute a national government. e current internationally backed effort, the
- [Somaliland donor approach to fragile societies](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-donor-approach-to-fragile-societies/) - A new donor approach to fragile societies: Somaliland Over the past two decades, development practitioners and donor agencies have been pre-occupied with the need to engage more effectively with fragile states. In many fragile societies, the state-building process is a violent one, leading to human tragedy and the destruction of infra- structure. Donors have been
- [Somaliland Building State Capacity in a Post-Conflict Situation](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-building-state-capacity-in-a-post-conflict-situation/) - Building State Capacity in a Post-Conflict Situation: The Case of Somaliland Abstract This study examines the nature of Somaliland’s state building process that focuses on building state capacity to overcome the fragile state of affairs in post-civil conflict Somaliland. The study has identified three key factors that could serve as a milestone for building the
- [The Strange Case of Somaliland](https://somalilandeconomic.com/the-strange-case-of-somaliland/) - The Strange Case of Somaliland Statehood and Sovereignty Somaliland has established a functioning government, held a series of ostensibly national elections, recruited and trained a uniformed military, and built strong relationships with regional governments and international bodies. These developments have led some American officials to re-evaluate their stance toward Somaliland against a backdrop of worsening
- [The remarkable story of Somaliland](https://somalilandeconomic.com/the-remarkable-story-of-somaliland/) - The remarkable story of Somaliland The Republic of Somaliland, that reclaim its independence in 1991, has a far better democratic track record than any of its neighbours despite—or, perhaps, because of—a dearth of assistance from the international community. Abutting the Gulf of Aden just south of the Red Sea, across the water from Yemen and
- [Possible Repercussions of Somaliland’s International Statehood Recognition](https://somalilandeconomic.com/possible-repercussions-of-somalilands-international-statehood-recognition/) - To Be or Not to Be: Rethinking the Possible Repercussions of Somaliland’s International Statehood Recognition Introduction Facts on the ground: African governments and the African Union (AU), coupled with the United Kingdom, the United States, and other Western donors have for years supported and provided international recognition to Somalia, notwithstanding their abysmal record of inaptitude,
- [African International Relations and Somaliland’s lacking international recognition](https://somalilandeconomic.com/african-international-relations-and-somalilands-lacking-international-recognition/) - African International Relations and Somaliland’s lacking international recognition Somaliland has for the past four decades functioned as an independent country with important state-like structures. The fact that no African country seems to be ready to be the first to recognize Somaliland (while many are happy to be the second) may yet prove the most considerable
- [The Case for the Independence Statehood of Somaliland](https://somalilandeconomic.com/the-case-for-the-independence-statehood-of-somaliland/) - THE CASE FOR THE INDEPENDENT STATEHOOD OF SOMALILAND INTRODUCTION Violent political convulsions have gripped the Horn of Africa since the end of 1990.' While the human drama unfolds, revealing its tragic dimensions, the international community continues to linger in a haze of apathy. Few countries have experienced as much carnage, destruction and instability as Somalia.'
- [Somaliland Report](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-report/) - Project: Addressing legitimacy issues in fragile post-conflict situations to advance conflict transformation and peace-building Addressing legitimacy issues in fragile post-conflict situations to advance conflict transformation and peace-building: Somaliland Case Study Report BACKGROUND SECTION Since 1991 Somaliland has been a de facto state within a de jure state; an internationally unrecognized political unit emerging out of
- [Twisting Talks between Somaliland and Somalia](https://somalilandeconomic.com/twisting-talks-between-somaliland-and-somalia/) - Twisting Talks between Somaliland and Somalia: Critique on Briefing Paper: Cultivating Consensus – Exploring Options for Political Accommodation and Promoting All Somalis Voices - Conflict Dynamics International done by Nanako Tamaru, Paul Simkin, Mukhtar Ainashe, Kirsti Samuels, and Roger Middleton's "Cultivating Consensus: Exploring Options for Political Accommodation and Promoting All Somali Voices" finance by Somalia
- [Somaliland From Nonbeing to EU Special Arrangement](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-from-nonbeing-to-eu-special-arrangement/) - Somaliland From Nonbeing to EU Special Arrangement in 2013 An examination of the International Politics of Recognition: Abstract Somalia Narrative: Sovereignty’s presumed precedence as the fundamental rule or structure of authority in the international society is challenged in the case of Somaliland, where one state’s sovereignty (Somalia) is at stake if another’s (Somaliland) is recognised.
- [The Archaeological Mission in Somaliland](https://somalilandeconomic.com/the-archaeological-mission-in-somaliland/) - The Spanish Archaeological Mission in Somaliland I. IntroductionHistorically, the archaeology of the Somali region has faced two main challenges that have hindered its development, in contrast with the Ethiopian Highlands where archaeology was already consolidated as a discipline as early as in the 1920s (Torres 2018). The first one is the colonial partition of this
- [Barriers of Mining and Minerals in Somaliland](https://somalilandeconomic.com/barriers-of-mining-and-minerals-in-somaliland/) - Barriers of Mining and Minerals on Social Economics in Awdal, Sanaag and Marodijeh in Somaliland Abstract: The primary objective of this research was to emphasize barriers of mining and minerals in Somaliland. A questionnaire was conducted in three mining sites in Marodijex, Awdal and Sanaag regions in Somaliland. The mineral potential of Somaliland has not
- [Somalilanders enemies who's who](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somalilanders-enemies-whos-who/) - SOMALILANDERS KNOW YOUR ENEMIES AFTER 1988 GENOCIDE IN THE SOCIAL MEDIA GENEALOGICAL TABLE OF SOMALI CLANS
- [Analysis reaction to the JSL-FGS Talks in 2012-2015](https://somalilandeconomic.com/analysis-reaction-to-the-jsl-fgs-talks-in-2012-2015/) - Analysis reaction to Muhumed M Muhumed independent researcher The JSL-FGS Talks in 2012-2015 Somaliland entered the rabbit hole of the 2012 London Conference on Somalia by agreeing to meet with the TFG, referred to as Somalia. The Republic of Somaliland has been reduced as de facto status, contradicting its history of independence from the UK
- [Somaliland’s Pursuit of Statehood in the Horn of Africa](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somalilands-pursuit-of-statehood-in-the-horn-of-africa/) - LEGITIMIZATION OF STATEHOOD IN THE HORN OF AFRICA: A CASE STUDY OF SOMALILAND Creation of Somaliland Somaliland is a territory situated in northern Somalia covering an area of 137,600 square kilometres and includes the regions of Awdal, Woqooyi, Galbeed, Togdheer, Sahil, Sool and Sanaag. This is a semi-arid savannah region divided into three topographic zones.
- [The Legality of Somaliland’s Recognition Under International Law](https://somalilandeconomic.com/the-legality-of-somalilands-recognition-under-international-law/) - The Legality of Somaliland’s Recognition Under International Law This paper examines whether the de facto secession of Somaliland from the state of Somalia accords with international law. In particular, it analyzes whether the act of secession realized a positive right of external self-determination under international law. I argue that it does. International law may legitimize
- [Somaliland’s Sustainability: Internal Obstacles and Geopolitical Pressures](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somalilands-sustainability-internal-obstacles-and-geopolitical-pressures/) - Somaliland faces internal obstacles and geopolitical pressures in its pursuit of sustainability. In 1991, Somaliland is not situated in the northern region of Somalia, whereas Puntland is located in the north of Somalia. Secondly, Somaliland’s action wasn’t a declaration of independence, but rather a withdrawal from an unlawful union, a reclaiming of its 1960 independence,
- [Somaliland: Struggling with its past and present](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-struggling-with-its-past-and-present/) - Somaliland: Struggling with its past and present Somaliland's historical misguided and illegal unification with failed state trusteeship Italian Somalia, leading to overshadowed Somaliland’s positive example of self-introduced democracy and successful elections. However, Somaliland’s intricate nature arises from its blend of Western democratic and traditional clan systems. Somaliland has had a complex and unpredictable historical journey
- [Peacebuilding and political rebuilding in Somaliland are homegrown](https://somalilandeconomic.com/peacebuilding-and-political-rebuilding-in-somaliland-are-homegrown/) - Somaliland's story is not one of secession but of reclaiming independence 26th June 1960. After an ill-fated so-called union with Somalia and subsequent oppression, Somaliland fought for and won its freedom in 1991, achieving remarkable stability in a volatile region. This historical account corrects misconceptions and highlights Somaliland's unique journey. Although Somaliland faced setbacks from
- [A respond to The Somaliland – Somalia Talks - Somaliland Analysis](https://somalilandeconomic.com/a-respond-to-the-somaliland-somalia-talks-somaliland-analysis/) - A respond to The Somaliland – Somalia Talks - Somaliland Analysis The dialogue between Somaliland and Somalia in Turkey is considered an act of treason by Somalilanders, who see it as their leaders appeasing a brutal Somalia. The Somaliland people will never forget the Somali military regime’s genocidal acts against women, children, and the elderly
- [Re-examining ‘post‐post’ independence of JSL](https://somalilandeconomic.com/re-examining-post‐post-independence-of-jsl/) - Abstract:The Republic of Somaliland, which is not internationally recognized, marked 65 years of independence from British rule on June 26th, 2025. Somaliland marked 34 years of liberation from a brutal dictatorship on May 18th, celebrating a second “Independence Day” that commemorates its 1991 declaration of independence from the collapsed Somali state. This paper analyzes the
- [Somaliland-Somalia Failing the Joint Airspace Management](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-somalia-failing-the-joint-airspace-management/) - Somaliland – Somalia: Failing the Joint Airspace Management is the Total Failure to Resume the Talks Introduction The London Somalia international conference in 2012 was a milestone for Somaliland and Somalia politics because it instigated a good inception that intended to help clarify the major political dispute between Somalia and Somaliland.1 The intention behind
- [When is a State a State? The Case for Recognition of Somaliland](https://somalilandeconomic.com/when-is-a-state-a-state-the-case-for-recognition-of-somaliland/) - When is a State a State? The Case for Recognition of Somaliland Abstract: It has been well over a decade since the world attempted to save Somalia from the dustbin of “failed states.” During that decade, one region of Somalia has pulled away from its post-colonial union with Somalia, established its own government, kept the
- [When less was more in Somaliland](https://somalilandeconomic.com/when-less-was-more-in-somaliland/) - When less was more: external assistance and the political settlement in Somaliland Diverging dramatically from the path taken by the Federal Republic of Somalia over the past two decades, the case of the unrecognized ‘Republic of Somaliland’ provides a powerful natural experiment for exploring political violence and institution-building within the contemporary global context. Having emerged
- [Next Step in the Post Failure of the Talks between Somaliland and Somalia](https://somalilandeconomic.com/next-step-in-the-post-failure-of-the-talks-between-somaliland-and-somalia/) - Commentary: What can be the Next Step in the Post Failure of the Talks between Somaliland and Somalia Introduction Since the London Somalia Conference in 2012, which championed the pursuant provision 6 of the communiqué of the conference, talks between Somaliland and Somalia made no tangible progress.1 Both entities admitted to engage in the proposed
- [Somaliland Local Poultry Value Chain](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-local-poultry-value-chain/) - Somaliland Local Poultry Value Chain Abstract Poultry production has important economic, social and cultural benefits and plays a significant role in family nutrition in developing countries. In most tropical countries it is based mainly on scavenging production systems, which makes substantial contributions to household food security throughout the developing world. All over the developing world,
- [Xeer Somaliland](https://somalilandeconomic.com/ellentesque-sem-velit-sagittis-nec-viverra-vel-ferm-egestas/) - Xeer – the Somali customary law as a tool of the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) mechanism in Somaliland 'The Somali legal system greatly resembles the Internet. Like over the Internet, nobody exercises power over it. (...) Every Somalian can join it as a judge, policeman, guarantor, legal counsel or the person seeking justice.' (statement of
- [A Pocket of Stability: Understanding Somaliland](https://somalilandeconomic.com/a-pocket-of-stability-understanding-somaliland/) - Introduction On 18 May 2011 the self-proclaimed and unrecognised state of Somaliland celebrated its twentieth year of de facto independence from the Somali Republic. Emerging after the collapsed Siad Barre regime in 1991, Somaliland has developed into one of the Horn of Africa’s most stable democracies. Over the past ten years the people of Somaliland
- [Somali clan elders and institutions in the making of the of Somaliland](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somali-clan-elders-and-institutions-in-the-making-of-the-of-somaliland/) - Appropriate ‘governance-technology’? Somali clan elders and institutions in the making of the ‘Republic of Somaliland’ Summary Can informal ‘traditional’ institutions help to build more legitimate, ac- countable and efficient states and governance? This article aims to con- tribute to that emerging discussion by unraveling the story of ‘Somali- land’, a self-declared independent republic which seceded
- [Somaliland: The Journey of Resistance, Reconciliation and Peace](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-the-journey-of-resistance-reconciliation-and-peace/) - Somaliland: The Journey of Resistance, Reconciliation and Peace ABSTRACTThis article analyses the rise of the Somali National Movement (SNM), the trauma of resistance between northern, formerly British Somaliland, and the incumbent southern regime of General Mohammed Siad Barre, between 1984 and the collapse of that regime in 1991, and also revisits the Hargeisa, Somaliland, genocide
- [Africa’s best kept secret, A challenge to the international community?](https://somalilandeconomic.com/africas-best-kept-secret-a-challenge-to-the-international-community/) - SOMALILAND Africa’s best kept secret, A challenge to the international community? This essay outlines recent developments in the Horn of Africa with particular focus on the emerging democratic state of Somaliland. It maps out the key political contours of Somaliland and Somalia. In this respect, the implications of recent developments for the international community and
- [The liberal myth of neutrality and the Local Peace Process in Somaliland](https://somalilandeconomic.com/the-liberal-myth-of-neutrality-and-the-local-peace-process-in-somaliland/) - The liberal myth of neutrality and the Local Peace Process in Somaliland Abstract While the liberal peace theory considers humanitarian intervention a shortcut to the Weberian state, many peace operations undertaken in the last decades have performed poorly. Alternative practices and theorizations have emerged so far, but little attention has been devoted to deconstruct the
- [Somaliland Rebuilding from the Ruins of the Genocide](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-rebuilding-from-the-ruins-of-the-genocide-2/) - A Self-Portrait of Somaliland: Rebuilding from the Ruins Introduction In the eyes of the world, 1991 was the year that the Somali Democratic Republic ceased to exist. The government fell and the state collapsed. Brutal civil war and famine seized the population. Hundreds of thousands of refugees fled the country. A decade of bloodshed, chaos
- [SOMALILAND FOREIGN AFFAIRS WITH INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITIES](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-foreign-affairs-with-international-communities/) - SOMALILAND_FOREIGN_AFFAIRS_WITH_INTERNATIONAL_COMMUNITIES CHAPTER ONE: PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE introduction; Background An Introduction to Somaliland; In this chapter the paper will mainly cover the introduction and the background of Somaliland. From the very beginning to the modern-day Somaliland, it will also examine the relations between the international community and where it all started. The modern Republic of
- [SOMALILAND AND SOMALIA PEACEBUILDING PROCESS](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-and-somalia-peacebuilding-process/) - SOMALILAND AND SOMALIA PEACEBUILDING PROCESS: ACTORS, INTERVENTIONS, AND EXPERIENCES AbstractSomaliland and Somalia peace-building process has had some divergent experiences, actors and interventions. The reconciliation efforts in the peace-building initiatives in Somaliland, for instance, did not commence at the time Mohamed Siyad Barre’s regime was defeated. It was the agenda of the Somali National Movement (SNM)
- [Somaliland Statebuilding and Dual Hybridity](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-statebuilding-and-dual-hybridity/) - Bringing the Outside In: Somaliland, Statebuilding and Dual Hybridity The 1991 failure and collapse of the state in Somalia ushered in what was to become a long-term and largely unsuccessful effort aimed at internationally driven post-conflict statebuilding. Despite persistent failures the international community and Somalia’s neighbours continue their endeavours aimed at building a stable, unified
- [Talks between Somaliland and Somalia](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-rebuilding-from-the-ruins-of-the-genocide/) - Possible Failure of the Talks between Somaliland and Somalia and its Consequences beyond the Region Abstract The current talks between Somaliland and Somalia have-not attained any legal basis and yet no comprehensive agreement accomplished upon the inception of the talks. In addition, the talks are no longer carried out as part of a wider, coordinated
- [SOMALILAND COUNTRY REPORT](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-country-report/) - SOMALILAND COUNTRY REPORT I. Origins and Historical Development of the Constitution A. Background Somaliland gained its independence from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on 26 June 1960 and existed as an internationally-recognized independent state before uniting with the former Italian colony of Somalia. It declared its independence from Somalia on 18
- [Somaliland Peacebuilding without External Assistance](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-peacebuilding-without-external-assistance/) - Peace-Building without External Assistance: Lessons from Somaliland INTRODUCTIONOne of the largest puzzles to emerge from the recent literature on foreign aid effectiveness is the discrepancy between the findings of micro-level studies of individual aid projects and macro- level studies of aggregate development indicators. When studies examine individual aid projects, the results are usually quite positive.
- [International Community to Accept a two State Solution of Somaliland-Somalia](https://somalilandeconomic.com/international-community-to-accept-a-two-state-solution-of-somaliland-somalia/) - Somaliland: Time for the International Community to Accept a two State Solution Abstract There is no getting away from the fact that Somalia is a “quasi state” that has relied on the international community for support since the collapse of the Siyad Barre regime 22 years ago. The country has now arrived at a period
- [Horn of Africa Khat issues](https://somalilandeconomic.com/horn-of-africa-khat-issues/) - The ambiguity of khat in Somaliland A B S T R A C T Aim of the study: This article presents an analysis of the economic, political and socio-cultural significance of khat in Somaliland, highlighting both its positive and negative effects. Materials and methods: Thirteen months of anthropological fieldwork in Somaliland, two months of anthropological
- [Ethio–Somaliland Relations Post-1991](https://somalilandeconomic.com/ethiosomaliland-relations-post-1991/) - Ethio–Somaliland Relations Post-1991: Challenges and Opportunities ABSTRACT – The purpose of this paper is to present some critical issues related to the challenges and prospects of Ethio–Somaliland relations regarding in economic and political aspects. The central idea of the paper is that the current governments of Ethiopia and Somaliland managed to overcome the serious challenges
- [Somaliland First Four Administrations in Perspective](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-first-four-administrations-in-perspective/) - SOMALILAND’S FOREIGN POLICY ANALYSIS: THE FIRST FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS IN PERSPECTIVE INTRODUCTION According to dominant paradigms of international relations theories, a country’s foreign policy consists of the self-interested strategies chosen by the state to protect its national interests, and the deployment of the various tools of diplomacy and statecraft in order to achieve these objectives within
- [A respond to Michael Keating FPD of Somaliland](https://somalilandeconomic.com/a-respond-to-michael-keating-fpd-of-somaliland/) - A respond to Michael Keating: A Parameter that Guides the Foreign Policy Doctrine of Somaliland Statement Background I would like to put the record straight on the report titled; ‘’Statement of the Special Representative of UN Secretary-General to Somalia to UN Security Council’’ (Keating, 2018). The statement never explains the achievement and the marvel
- [Geology and coal potential of Somaliland](https://somalilandeconomic.com/geology-and-coal-potential-of-somaliland/) - Geology and coal potential of Somaliland Abstract: Geological field mapping along with available geological and drilling data suggest that Somaliland has favourable stratigraphy and structure for coal deposits. Lignitic to sub-bituminous coal deposits with ages from Jurassic to Oligocene-Miocene occur in various locations across the country including Hed-Hed valley south of Onkhor, Guveneh hills north
- [Somaliland Environmental](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-environmental/) - Somaliland Environmental Stewardship Background Somaliland situated in the Horn of Africa, its boundaries are defined by the Gulf of Aden in the north, Somalia in the east, the Federal Republic of Ethiopia in the south and the Republic of Djibouti in the west. v The total area of the Republic of Somaliland is 137,600 km²
- [Traditional Governance and the Modern State in Somaliland](https://somalilandeconomic.com/traditional-governance-and-the-modern-state-in-somaliland/) - Challenging the Ideal? Traditional Governance and the Modern State in Somaliland ABSTRACT Increasing attention paid to state-building and reconstruction of post-conflict states has highlighted significant deficiencies in the practice of state-building, largely brought on by a lack of knowledge and expertise, but also because of a narrow and intrusive view of what a state can
- [Somaliland land resources](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-land-resources/) - Territorial diagnostic report of the land resources of Somaliland Coastal plain and Piedmont: The most arid landform in Somaliland with uni-modal rain of 100 mm per annum and a temperature of 28-35 ⁰C, the potential evapo-transpiration exceeds the rainfall by thirty times. With mixed quality 18 boreholes were found with 105 m average depth. The
- [Somaliland Archaeology](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-archaeology/) - An Ancient Cultural Crossroads A review of the literature on Somali archaeology can be found elsewhere (e.g., Mire 2007a, 2008, 2011). The importance of this region is largely due to its location at the heart of ancient long-distance trade networks, making it a cultural crossroads. What I have found in the last decade is that
- [Somaliland A Land of Prehistoric Wonders](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-a-land-of-prehistoric-wonders/) - Somaliland A Land of Prehistoric Wonders SOMALILAND IS A LAND OF GREAT historical interest, with coastal trade links to ancient Egypt and to the other classical civilizations, an interior scattered with intriguing rock art sites, mysterious cairns, and other monuments of a complex pastoral society that dates back well over 10,000 years. The oldest direct
- [Doing Business in Hargeisa 2012](https://somalilandeconomic.com/doing-business-in-hargeisa-2012/) - Doing Business in Hargeisa 2012 Hargeisa is the largest economic center of Somaliland. It sits on the Horn of Africa, 50 kilometers from Ethiopia, and 160 kilometers from the closest port in Berbera on the Gulf of Aden. Following the civil war in the 1980s, Somaliland unilaterally declared independence from Somalia in 1991, but it
- [Somaliland Telecommunication 5-Years Strategic Plan](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-telecommunication-5-years-strategic-plan/) - Somaliland Telecommunication 5-Years Strategic Plan 1. Executive Summary The President of Somaliland’s reform Agenda has served as a catalyst for change throughout the Somaliland Republic. The President believes that “government needs to reform its operations – how it goes about its business and how it treats the people it serves.” To date, many Somaliland government
- [Hargeisa Invisible City Somaliland](https://somalilandeconomic.com/hargeisa-invisible-city-somaliland/) - Invisible City: Hargeisa, Somaliland David Kilcullen Introduction When Afrah and her family left Hargeisa in 1988 she was just seven years old; like many townspeople who fled that year, she remembers a very different city.1 Former seat of government of Britain’s colonial Somaliland Protectorate and (for five days in June 1960) capital of the independent
- [SOMALILAND MEDIA CODE OF CONDUCT](https://somalilandeconomic.com/no-one-rejects-dislikes-or-avoids-pleasure-itself/) - SOMALILAND MEDIA CODE OF CONDUCT PREAMBLE All members of the Media in Somaliland have a duty to maintain the highest professional standards. This Code of Conduct, which includes this preamble, is the general principle applicable to the Somaliland Media throughout the non-election period, the Voter List Public Display and Verification exercise and the post election
- [Somaliland Oil Potential](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-oil-potential/) - Hydrocarbon potential of Somaliland Somaliland is in Horn of Africa. The morphology of the country is typical of areas in extension, with basins and mountains of up to 2000 m. There is little folding, but much normal faulting, some of which has very great throws. These strong vertical movements have controlled the accommodation space available
- [Somaliland Softdrinks Industry](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-softdrinks-industry/) - THE ROLE OF SOMALILAND BEVERAGE INDUSTRIES (SBI) ON EMPLOYMENT CREATION IN HARGEISA SOMALILAND CHAPTER ONE: 1.0 IntroductionAlthough Over two decades, Somaliland has built a successful market economy with rising GDP, Somaliland’s private sector has enjoyed sustained growth including a thriving services sector, which hosts a number of major international businesses, catalyzed by low levels of
- [Doing Somaliland Fishing Industry](https://somalilandeconomic.com/doing-somaliland-fishing-industry/) - Somaliland Fishing Industry Current State of the Market Somaliland boasts an expansive coastline along the Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean. These waters are home to an extensive list of fish species, including various species of tuna, albacore, lobster, swordfish, shark, and many others. Table 1 shows recent data regarding the value that some of
- [Re-Examining Somaliland’s Relations with Neighboring States](https://somalilandeconomic.com/re-examining-somalilands-relations-with-neighboring-states/) - Re-Examining Somaliland’s Relations with Neighboring States INTRODUCTION For many years, the Horn of Africa has been characterized by wars, anarchy, terrorism, piracy and instability. Amid the chaos and uncertainty in the region, Somaliland managed to maintain cordial relations with its neighboring countries. Somaliland has always accomplished its affairs in accordance with the large interest of
- [Somaliland National Referendum 31 May 2001](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-national-referendum-31-may-2001/) - Somaliland National Referendum 31 May 2001 Introduction The Initiative and Referendum Institute (the Institute), an international non-profit organization based in Washington, D.C., observed the May 31, 2001 referendum in Somaliland, which unilaterally declared independence from Somalia in 1991. The borders of the country are the same as those of the British Protectorate of Somaliland that
- [Republic of Somaliland NDP III 2023-2027](https://somalilandeconomic.com/would-i-could-describe-these-conceptions/) - Republic of Somaliland National Development Plan III 2023-2027 The Government of Somaliland has developed successive development plans to address its national development challenges. The National Development Plan (NDP III, 2023-2027) is a medium-term strategy designed to unlock the country's potential in all sectors of the economy to achieve inclusive, sustainable development and poverty reduction. The
- [The Republic of Somaliland Oil Exploration Production](https://somalilandeconomic.com/the-republic-of-somaliland-oil-exploration-production/) - Somaliland Block SL10B/13 Company Profile – Genel Energy◼ Anglo-Turkish E&P company - listed on the London Stock Exchange (LSE)◼ Operations◼ Kurdistan Region of Iraq (largest holder of reserves & resources)◼ Africa◼ 3 Producing oil fields◼ Taq Taq (44%) Tawke(25%) and Peshkabir (25%)◼ Current net production c.36,500 BOPD◼ Upside from E&A / pre-production assets◼ Bina Bawiand
- [Somaliland in Figures](https://somalilandeconomic.com/samsa-was-a-travelling-salesman/) - Somaliland in Figures 1. INTRODUCTION The former British Somaliland Protectorate achieved full independence from the United Kingdom on 26 June, 1960. On 1 July, 1960, the state of Somaliland united with Somalia, a territory under a U.N. mandated Italian Trusteeship until that same day, thereby creating the Somali Republic. The Republic of Somaliland restored its
- [Horn of Africa Economic Integration](https://somalilandeconomic.com/horn-of-africa-economic-integration/) - SOMALILAND – ETHIOPIA RELATIONSHIP: AN INITIATIVE FOR REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION AND DEEPENING POLITICAL STABILITY IN THE HORN OF AFRICA ABSTRACTThis paper is going to analyze and light on the political, economic, and trade cooperation between Somaliland and Ethiopia, the paper explores how Somaliland and Ethiopia’s bilateral relsustained to the existing political context based on the
- [Somaliland livestock production](https://somalilandeconomic.com/i-often-think-with-longing/) - The dynamics of natural resources in Somaliland Implications for livestock production Agriculture is the most important sector of Somaliland’s economy. In 2012, the sector contributed more than 40% of Somaliland’s GDP—with the livestock sub-sector contributing 29.5%. Livestock production in the country is mainly extensive in pastoral systems that rely on fragile natural resources. The objective
- [Somaliland Livestock Exports](https://somalilandeconomic.com/i-sink-under-the-weight-of-the-splendour-of-these-visions/) - The Future of Somaliland Livestock Exports: Examining the Sustainability of Livestock Trade Abstract Livestock is considered as the largest and most crucial sector of Somaliland economy, in terms of employment and income generation. Livestock production is so paramount that it employs over 70 percent of the population and contributes 60 percent of the country’s Gross
- [The Role of Business in Maintaining Peace in Somaliland](https://somalilandeconomic.com/the-role-of-business-in-maintaining-peace-in-somaliland/) - The Role of Business in Maintaining Peace in Somaliland Somaliland has been peaceful for the last four decades, though this peace remains fragile. Analysts have accredited Somaliland’s relative stability to its bottom- up peacebuilding approach. Politicians, elders, business people and religious leaders complement each other to restore and maintain peace in Somaliland’s hybrid governance system.
- [SOMALILAND Poverty Assessment](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-poverty-assessment/) - SOMALILAND Poverty Assessment Currency EquivalentsCurrency Unit = Somaliland Shilling US$1 = 7.2 Somaliland Shillings (As of October 1, 2014) Executive SummaryIntroduction and motivation1. For many years, Somaliland has had no survey-based measure of poverty or inequality. As such, very little is known about whether Somaliland’s development in recent years has resulted in broad-based gains or
- [Somaliland Vision 2030](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-vision-2030/) - Somaliland National Vision 2030 A Stable, Democratic and Prosperous Country Where People Enjoy a High Quality of Life Somaliland National Development Plan IIGoalsReduce poverty through increased economic opportunities and coordinated investment in youth, services, production and infrastructure Increase resilience against the effects of climate change through improved management of the environment, strategic water management, food
- [Somaliland’s rejection of international assistance occurred in 1988 amidst the Somalia government’s genocide](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somalilands-rejection-of-international-assistance-occurred-in-1988-amidst-the-somalia-governments-genocide/) - Somaliland: Where There Has Been Conflict but No Intervention The distinction between Somalia and Somaliland is lost on most outsiders, but for the people of Somaliland, who made the decision to separate from Somalia in May 1991, it is both very real and immensely significant. It has meant living in peace for two decades –
- [Economic Somaliland challenges from 1991-2025](https://somalilandeconomic.com/economic-somaliland-challenges-from-1991-2025/) - Somaliland Experience overcoming challenges economy from 1991-2025 Introduction: The formidable pride of the millennium Somali nomad mentality, extraordinary sense of superiority as an individual, and firm conviction that he is the sole master of his actions and subject to no authority except that of God. May 1991, which led to the liberation of the Republic
- [Political and History Maps of Somaliland](https://somalilandeconomic.com/political-and-history-maps-of-somaliland/) - Geographical and Political and History Maps of Somaliland Introduction Maps are sources of information. They have a practical use: they tell us where things are and how to get from one place to another. They teach us about regional and global geography. We can explore cities, roads, and developments, as well as mountains, rivers, forests,
- [Civil Society Actors in Somaliland](https://somalilandeconomic.com/civil-society-actors-in-somaliland/) - Making the State Work: the Role of the Civil Society Actors in Somaliland INTRODUCTION Prior to the independence of Somaliland in 1960, the region was known as the British Somaliland Protectorate approximately for 80 years (Douglas, 1961; Adam, 1994; Berouk, 2009). Following Somaliland’s celebration of its Independence Day on 26 June 1960 from the
- [Pastoral Somaliland Climate Change](https://somalilandeconomic.com/pastoral-somaliland-climate-change/) - The Impact of Climate Change on Pastoral Societies of Somaliland 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARYPastoralism is a traditional land management and production system which mimics wildlife in its basic principles. Through its dynamic, flexible and complex structures it has proved to be mostly adapted to the erratic climate and non-equilibrium natural conditions of drylands by providing and
- [Somaliland Hargeisa municipal finance](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-hargeisa-municipal-finance/) - An overview of municipal finance in Hargeisa, Somaliland Executive SummaryThis paper provides an overview of the municipal finance system of Hargeisa, the capital city of the self-declared Republic of Somaliland. The city is the centre of economic activity for the whole country, and the source of most of the country’s GDP. Hargeisa has undergone various
- [Somaliland Tax contemporary in Hargeisa](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-tax-contemporary-in-hargeisa/) - On taxes and suspicion: ambivalences of rule and the politically possible in contemporary Hargeisa, Somaliland ABSTRACT In the city of Hargeisa, tax collectors and fiscal officers of the self-proclaimed and internationally unrecognized Republic of Somaliland exhibit a constant ambivalence as they perform their job, i.e., direct income taxation. While presuming the taxpayer’s dishonesty, they rely
- [Somaliland’s Industry at a Crossroads](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somalilands-industry-at-a-crossroads/) - Somaliland’s Private Sector at a Crossroads Background to the Somaliland Private Sector The Setting Somaliland’s private sector has thrived in many ways since Somalilanders chart- ed a path out of the destruction inflicted on the region during the Siad Barre regime. The extent of its revival since 1991 is a testament to the Somaliland people
- [Somaliland Presidential Election 2017](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-presidential-election-2017/) - Report on the Somaliland Presidential Election, 13th November 2017 This report presents the findings of the International Election Observation Mission (IEOM) to Somaliland's third presidential election, held on November 13th 2017. The election saw three candidates competing to replace the incumbent, Ahmed Mohamed Mohamoud 'Silanyo' of the Kulmiye ('Peace, Unity and Development’) party: Abdirahman Mohamed
- [Agriculture Production in Marodijeh and Gabiley regions](https://somalilandeconomic.com/agriculture-production-in-marodijeh-and-gabiley-regions/) - Impact of Climate Change on Agricultural Production in Marodijeh and Gabiley Regions (Somaliland) Executive summary1. Marodijeh and Gabiley (M&G) regions of Somaliland together produce higher quantities of cereals and vegetables than the total of these commodities produced by other regions of the country. Gabiley region, in particular contributes much more significantly than Marodijeh region. In
- [All Somaliland Private Sector](https://somalilandeconomic.com/all-somaliland-private-sector/) - State formation and economic development in post-war Somaliland: the impact of the private sector in an unrecognised state Introduction Somaliland has been peaceful for the last four decades, though this peace remains fragile. Some analysts have accredited Somaliland’s relative stability to its bottom-up peace- building approach.1 Others have challenged this image by arguing that top-down
- [The Somaliland Frankincense superpower](https://somalilandeconomic.com/the-somaliland-frankincense-superpower/) - Introduction: Research need and case choiceSustainably harvesting and sourcing natural products from plants (phytochemi- cals) for cosmetic use has been an important part of the fair trade movement going back to the establishment of The Body Shop by the late entrepreneur Anita Roddick almost 40 years ago (Dennis et al, 1998). Although there has been
- [Somaliland Seed](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-seed/) - Somaliland Seed Introduction The Development Fund-Norway conducted a rapid assessment to identify needs and challenges associated with seed security among rural communities in Somaliland. The purpose of the assessment is to provide field-based information for the implementation of community seed banks in Somaliland. The report contains main findings from fieldwork and concrete recommendations in relation
- [Somaliland Renewable Energy](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-renewable-energy/) - Feasibility study of renewable energy-based microgrid system in Somaliland's urban centers Introduction Renewable energy (RE) has recently attracted considerable global awareness. However, techno-economic feasibility studies of the RE potentiality in Somaliland are indeed very rare. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the work of Pallabazzer and Gabow [1] is probably the only one
- [Cilmidhegoodka Geeska Afrika](https://somalilandeconomic.com/in-sagittis-purus-eget-semper-ullamcorper-nisi-lorem/) - Cilmidhegoodka Geeska Afrika: hordhac1 Soomaalida waa dad dhaqan ahaan aan hidde u lahaan jirin inay wax qoraan. Taasi waxay had iyo jeer sababtaa inay lumaan taariikhda asalraaca ah ee ay leeyihiin bulshooyinka noocan oo kale ah “oral society”. Gaar ahaan soomaalida oo ay u dheer tahay reer guuraannimo, ma laha wax hadhaa reeba oo loo
- [Berbera Port Deal](https://somalilandeconomic.com/berbera-port-deal/) - Geopolitical Change, a rising hegemon, and Berbera Port Deal - Brendon Cannon is Assistant Professor at Khalifa University’s Institute of International and Civil Security (IICS), Abu Dhabi, UAE. Dr. Cannon’s academic specializations are in the changing balance of power in the wider Middle East region – particularly the Horn of Africa; energy politics, policy and
- [Berbera Port and the Shifting Balance of Power in the Horn of Africa](https://somalilandeconomic.com/berbera-port-and-the-shifting-balance-of-power-in-the-horn-of-africa/) - IntroductionThe recent intensification of involvement in the Horn of Africa’s coastal zone by the Gulf Arab States1has led to the surge in development activities at ports in the region. These have coincided with various actions taken by Horn of Africa states to affect the regional distribution of power to their advantage. This includes landlocked Ethiopia’s
- [Taxation Somaliland](https://somalilandeconomic.com/taxation-somaliland/) - Taxation, Political Accountability, and Foreign Aid: Lessons from Somaliland INTRODUCTIONIn recent years, the importance of good governance to economic and social development has become widely accepted. Yet our understanding of the factors that foster political accountability and good governance remains limited. So over the past decade, a growing number of academics have turned to studies
- [Somaliland Tax](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-tax/) - Somaliland Tax STRUCTURE OF COUNTRY DESCRIPTIONS TAXES PAYABLE COMPANY TAX CAPITAL GAINS TAX BRANCH PROFITS TAX VALUE ADDED TAX (VAT) EMPLOYMENT TAX LOCAL TAXES VEHICLE ROAD TAX LAND RATES RENTAL INCOME TAXES SINGLE BUSINESS PERMIT DETERMINATION OF TAXABLE INCOME CAPITAL ALLOWANCES PERSONAL TAX KEY TAX POINTS Resident companies pay tax at a rate of 10%
- [Islamic Microfinance System in Somaliland](https://somalilandeconomic.com/islamic-microfinance-system-in-somaliland/) - Islamic Microfinance System and Poverty Alleviation in Somaliland Poverty prevalence dates back to the existence of human being and today it has occupied foremost place on human development agendas of virtually all countries of the world. In the Republic of Somaliland it has been a main challenge since the restoration of independence in 1991 and
- [Mobile Money in Somaliland](https://somalilandeconomic.com/mobile-money-in-somaliland/) - Mobile Money in Somaliland Somaliland’s first mobile money platform was launched in 2009. Called Zaad—meaning ‘to grow’ or ‘to prosper’ in Arabic—it was started by the popular mobile phone company, Telesom. Zaad’s mobile money transfer service has since become a feature of a financial landscape hitherto dominated by Somali remittance companies. Today, Zaad has a
- [Financial Hargeisa Diagnostic Somaliland](https://somalilandeconomic.com/financial-hargeisa-diagnostic-somaliland/) - FINANCIAL SECTOR DIAGNOSTIC STUDY FOR HARGEISA, SOMALILAND Supply side analysisThe survey indicates that a few finance service providers are available on the market, providing limited loans and savings facilities to small and medium enterprises as well as groups of low income and small scale entrepreneurs, particularly women, and low salaried workers. Products offered by service
- [PASTORALISTS, PARAVETS AND PRIVATISATION](https://somalilandeconomic.com/pastoralists-paravets-and-privatisation/) - EXPERIENCES IN THE SANAAG REGION OF SOMALILAND INTRODUCTION The civil war in Somalia between 1988 and 1991 resulted in considerable loss of human life and destruction of local infrastructure and government services throughout the country. In August 1991 ACTIONAID, in collaboration with VETAID, visited Sanaag region in the self-declared independent Republic of Somaliland. The purpose
- [Somaliland: The Strains of Success](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-the-strains-of-success/) - Overview Somaliland’s hybrid system of tri-party democracy and traditional clan-based governance has enabled the consolidation of state-like authority, social and economic recovery and, above all, relative peace and security but now needs reform. Success has brought greater resources, including a special funding status with donors – especially the UK, Denmark and the European Union (EU)
- [Somaliland Water Resources in Rural](https://somalilandeconomic.com/imperdiet-laoreet-pharetra-mus-vitae-dictum-tort/) - INTRODUCTION 1.1 Problem Identification Somaliland is semi-arid. With annual rainfalls less than 250 mm, water has a high priority1. There are no permanent surface water resources and Somaliland is therefore almost entirely dependent on rainwater, with the exception of a few deep wells. Rainfall distribution is bi-modal. It falls mostly in the Gu (mid-April to
- [Somaliland Water Infrastructure](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-water-infrastructure/) - WATER INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT FOR RESILIENCE IN SOMALILAND PROGRAM 1. INTRODUCTION Somaliland is located in the Horn of Africa, with an area of 137,600 km2 with a population of about 6.85 million according to the Ministry of National Planning and Development (Somaliland in Figures, 2011). Somaliland is a majorly water scarce country with no perennial river
- [Somaliland Petroleum Geology and Hydrocarbon Potential](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somaliland-petroleum-geology-and-hydrocarbon-potential/) - Fewer than 10 exploration wells have been drilled in Somaliland (Northern Somalia), mostly in the northern onshore and offshore areas, making it one of the least explored countries in the world. Although tectonic developments have controlled the accommodation space available for sediment deposition since Early Jurassic, the wells drilled on both onshore and offshore have
- [Somaliland’s Oil and Gas Exploration](https://somalilandeconomic.com/somalilands-oil-and-gas-exploration-2/) - Introduction Somaliland to commence the long awaited its hydrocarbon natural resources will not be an easy task considering the multi- dimensional aspects of political economy implications, social vulnerabilities and international market trends which the oil price fluctuates over the past recent years. By end-2014, retail fuel prices had declined globally, on average, by only half
- [Drought Recurrence in Somaliland: Causes, Impacts and Mitigations](https://somalilandeconomic.com/eempor-incididunt-eivamus-egestas-tincidunt-faucibu/) - Introduction Based on Palmer, drought is defined as permanent (from the beginning times of droughts until the end of the duration) and unusual deficit of moisture and is classified into four interrelated categories. The first type is called Meteorological drought and is defined by climatic variables (precipitation and humidity) and the duration of the dry
- [GDP 2012 in Somaliland](https://somalilandeconomic.com/it-showed-a-lady-fitted-out-with-a-fur-hat-and-fur-boa-who-sat/) - 1 Introduction The Minister of National Planning and Development has requested that the World Bank pro­vide assistance in strengthening the ability to determine and monitor macroeconomic data. Accordingly, the World Bank Poverty Reduction and Economic Management (PREM) Somalia programme has hired a consultantto assist in developing estimates of GDP and to deal with related issues
- [HISTORICAL OF THE BRITISH SOMALILAND](https://somalilandeconomic.com/advised-her-not-to-do-so-because-there-were/) - In 1517, the conquest of Egypt by Sultan Salim I and its incorporation into the Ottoman Empire initiated the early intrusion of foreign powers into Somaliland. The Red Sea was free of the Portuguese after forty years. A Turkish garrison was established in Zeyla, but Berbera remained unoccupied. Yemen’s Imam of Sanaa assumed control of

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